The jungle of the Yucatán in Mexico is not typically known as a great place to find fossils. The humid environment has destroyed most traces of bone of the animals that lived here over thousands of years, but there is one place where they remain less disturbed—in caves.
After diving 100 feet underground in a limestone cave in 2009, underwater cave explorer Vicente Fito came upon an incredibly well-preserved fossil sloth. It was recently confirmed as previously unknown to science. Fito deposited the bones with the National Institute of Anthropology and History in Mexico and they were recently pieced together and described.
The new species of sloth, called Xibalbaonyx oviceps, is represented by a nearly flawless skull and many other bones. It likely died in the cave when sea level was lower and it was dry. As the cave flooded around 10,000 years ago, the already dried out skeleton was well preserved as it lay undisturbed for thousands of years. (Watch divers find sloths in an underwater cave.)
Researchers are not sure exactly how big Xibalbaonyx was yet, but it was at least 500 pounds. Sloths have run the gamut of body sizes over their evolutionary history, ranging from modern two-toed sloths at around 10 -read more
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